### **Financial Analysis: Snowflake Inc. (NYSE: SNOW)**
*(Listed in 2020)*

### **1. How the Company Earns Money**
Snowflake generates revenue primarily through its cloud-based data warehousing platform. It operates on a consumption-based pricing model, where customers pay for the compute and storage resources they use. Revenue streams include:
– **Product Revenue**: Fees for data storage, compute resources, and data transfer.
– **Professional Services**: Consulting and training for platform implementation.

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### **2. Company History**
Snowflake was **founded in 2012** and went public in **September 2020**. As of 2024, it has been operating for **12 years**.

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### **3. Competitive Advantage**
– **Multi-Cloud Architecture**: Works seamlessly across AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud.
– **Pay-as-you-go Pricing**: Flexible cost structure attracts enterprises.
– **Strong Ecosystem**: Integrations with major BI tools (Tableau, Power BI) and AI/ML platforms.

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### **4. Two Direct Competitors**
1. **Databricks** (Private)
2. **Teradata (NYSE: TDC)**

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### **5. Two Market Leaders in Cloud Data Warehousing**
1. **Amazon Web Services (AWS) – Redshift (NASDAQ: AMZN)**
2. **Microsoft Azure – Synapse Analytics (NASDAQ: MSFT)**

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### **6. P/E Ratio Comparison (as of latest filings)**
– **Snowflake (SNOW)**: Negative (unprofitable)
– **Teradata (TDC)**: ~25x
– **Amazon (AMZN)**: ~60x
– **Microsoft (MSFT)**: ~35x

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### **7. P/B Ratio Comparison**
– **Snowflake (SNOW)**: ~12x
– **Teradata (TDC)**: ~5x
– **Amazon (AMZN)**: ~8x
– **Microsoft (MSFT)**: ~12x

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### **8. Return on Equity (ROE) – 5-Year Avg**
*(Note: Snowflake has negative ROE due to losses)*
– **Teradata (TDC)**: ~15%
– **Databricks**: N/A (Private)
– **Amazon (AMZN)**: ~20%
– **Microsoft (MSFT)**: ~40%

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### **9. Total Debt / Equity – 5-Year Trend**
– **Snowflake (SNOW)**: ~0.1x (low debt)
– **Teradata (TDC)**: ~0.8x
– **Amazon (AMZN)**: ~0.5x
– **Microsoft (MSFT)**: ~0.3x

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### **10. Largest Shareholders**
– **Warren Buffett’s Berkshire Hathaway** (previously held a stake, now reduced)
– **Institutional Investors**: Vanguard, BlackRock, Fidelity

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### **11. Rights Issues in Last 10 Years**
Snowflake has **not conducted any rights issues** since its IPO in 2020.

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### **Summary of Performance**
Snowflake is a **high-growth but unprofitable** cloud data player with strong revenue growth (~100% YoY initially, now moderating). It trades at a **premium valuation (high P/B)** compared to legacy players like Teradata but lags behind profitable giants like Microsoft and Amazon in ROE and profitability. Its **low debt** is a positive, but competition from AWS, Azure, and Databricks remains a challenge.

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### **Investment Risk Disclaimer**
**⚠️ Prices are likely to surge or plummet, investors are at risk of suffering full losses on their investments. Past performance is not an indicator of future performance. Please refer to relevant listing documents for risk assessment and seek expert advice before investing.**

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